Epigenetics

Epigenetics

Epigenetics is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that occur without alterations to the underlying DNA sequence. In other words, epigenetics explores how genes can be turned on or off, or their activity modified, through chemical modifications to the DNA molecule or its associated proteins, without changes to the actual DNA sequence itself. DNA methylation is one of the most well-studied epigenetic modifications. It involves the addition of a methyl group to the DNA molecule, typically at cytosine residues within CpG dinucleotides. DNA methylation is associated with gene silencing and plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression during development and in response to environmental factors.

Dive deeper into the biopsychology world. Histones are proteins that help package DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. Chemical modifications to histones, such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination, can alter the structure of chromatin and influence gene expression. Depending on the specific modification and its location, histone modifications can either activate or repress gene transcription. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), play a role in regulating gene expression by binding to mRNA molecules and either degrading them or preventing their translation into proteins. These ncRNAs can act as epigenetic regulators by modulating gene expression.

Epigenetic modifications can be passed on from one generation of cells to the next during cell division. In some cases, epigenetic changes can also be inherited across generations in multicellular organisms, although the extent and mechanisms of this intergenerational epigenetic inheritance are still being studied. Epigenetic modifications can also be influenced by environmental factors, such as diet, stress, exposure to toxins, and lifestyle choices. These environmental factors can lead to changes in epigenetic marks that may affect an individual's health and susceptibility to diseases.

Epigenetics has profound implications for our understanding of genetics, development, evolution, and human health. It highlights the dynamic nature of gene regulation and the role of epigenetic modifications in shaping an individual's traits and susceptibility to disease. Researchers continue to investigate the complexities of epigenetic mechanisms and their broader implications in biology and medicine.

Part I: Genetics and Epigenetics

Effects on Individuals

Genetics plays a fundamental role in shaping our physical characteristics, susceptibility to certain diseases, and even some aspects of our behavior. Epigenetics, on the other hand, demonstrates how our experiences and environment can modify gene expression over time. As individuals, this means that our genetic and epigenetic makeup influences our health, personality traits, and even our susceptibility to mental health conditions. For instance, a genetic predisposition to anxiety might manifest differently based on early life experiences.

Interactions with Others

Our genetics and epigenetics can influence our interpersonal relationships. For example, if someone has a genetic predisposition for empathy, they may be more attuned to the emotions of others. Epigenetic factors related to early childhood experiences, such as attachment to caregivers, can shape our ability to form healthy relationships later in life.

Perceptions and Judgments

Genetic and epigenetic factors can influence our perceptions and judgments about people, cultures, and populations. For instance, if a particular genetic trait is associated with a specific group, it might lead to stereotypes or biases. Epigenetics can also play a role in intergenerational trauma, affecting how certain groups are perceived and understood in the context of historical injustices.

Systemic Structures

Public policy, government benefits, and corporate structures can be influenced by genetic and epigenetic research. For example, understanding the genetic basis of certain health conditions may lead to more targeted healthcare policies. Recognizing the impact of adverse childhood experiences on epigenetic changes could inform policies aimed at early intervention and support for at-risk children and families.

Values and Understanding

Epigenetics challenges our understanding of determinism and free will. It suggests that our genes are not an immutable blueprint but are influenced by our environment and experiences. This realization can lead to a shift in values, emphasizing the importance of creating supportive environments and opportunities for all individuals to thrive, regardless of their genetic or epigenetic predispositions.

Part II: Indigenous Understanding of Genetics and Epigenetics

In many indigenous cultures, heritability, genetics, and epigenetics are explained through a blend of customary practices, beliefs, rituals, myths, and oral traditions. 

Ancestral Wisdom

Indigenous cultures often emphasize the wisdom passed down through generations. This wisdom includes not only physical traits but also behaviors, values, and ways of interacting with the world. This understanding aligns with the idea that genetics and epigenetics can transmit not just physical characteristics but also cultural knowledge and practices.

Environmental Connection

Many indigenous cultures have a deep connection to their environment. They believe that the land, plants, and animals carry essential teachings. This aligns with the epigenetic concept that our environment can shape our genetic expression. Traditional practices related to land stewardship and sustainability reflect this belief.

Rituals and Storytelling

Indigenous cultures often use rituals and storytelling to convey knowledge about heritability. Through myths and legends, they may explain how certain traits, skills, or behaviors are passed down from ancestors. These stories also highlight the importance of preserving cultural practices and values.

Community and Interdependence

Indigenous cultures emphasize the interconnectedness of all living beings. This perspective acknowledges that genetic and epigenetic traits are not isolated but are part of a broader web of relationships. It promotes values of mutual support, cooperation, and collective responsibility.

Holistic Health

Many indigenous cultures have holistic approaches to health that consider the mind, body, and spirit. They recognize the role of both genetics and the environment in overall well-being. Practices like traditional medicine and healing ceremonies often address both genetic and epigenetic factors.

Indigenous understanding of genetics and epigenetics underscores the importance of preserving cultural heritage and the environment. It also promotes values of respect for diversity, intergenerational wisdom, and the need to nurture both our physical and cultural well-being. These perspectives offer valuable insights into how genetics and epigenetics intersect with broader cultural and societal values.

Reference

Bannister, A. J., & Kouzarides, T. (2011, February 15). Regulation of chromatin by histone modifications. Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/cr201122 

Borunda, R., & Murray, A. (2019, January 23). The wisdom of and science behind Indigenous Cultural Practices. MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/2313-5778/3/1/6 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, August 15). What is epigenetics?. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/epigenetics.htm 

Indigenous Knowledge & Epigenetics - assembly of First Nations. (n.d.). https://afn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Indigenous-Knowledge-Epigenetics.pdf 

Jiang, S., Postovit, L., Cattaneo, A., Binder, E. B., & Aitchison, K. J. (2019, November 8). Epigenetic modifications in stress response genes associated with childhood trauma. Frontiers in psychiatry. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6857662/ 

Kanherkar, R. R., Bhatia-Dey, N., & Csoka, A. B. (2014, September 9). Epigenetics across the human lifespan. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207041/ 

Lahousen, T., Unterrainer, H. F., & Kapfhammer, H.-P. (2019, December 12). Psychobiology of attachment and trauma-some general remarks from a clinical perspective. Frontiers in psychiatry. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6920243/ 

Notterman, D. A., & Mitchell, C. (2015, October). Epigenetics and understanding the impact of social determinants of health. Pediatric clinics of North America. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555996/ 

Sarkies, P. (2020, January). Molecular mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance: Possible evolutionary implications. Seminars in cell & developmental biology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6945114/ 

Waggoner, M. R., & Uller, T. (2015, April 3). Epigenetic determinism in science and Society. New genetics and society. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513352/