Why Do Companies Gather Market Intelligence and Conduct Marketing Research?

Why Do Companies Gather Market Intelligence and Conduct Marketing Research?

Marketing Research can help businesses understanding will it gonna fail or not, to know their targeting market. If no one wants to buy it, then build it will be a bad choice for a profit-seeking company. Besides, companies should not limit their choices by lower prices. If someone is willing to buy your product, we must do our research to know what will they want to pay? For instance, if a person is willing to pay $10 for your cake, then you should try to sell it for $10.

In addition, marketing research helps companies with many tasks, such as ideas, designs, demands, what to produce and how much or how many, and better pricing decisions as we discussed earlier. Better marketing research also means better satisfaction of your customers since you know exactly what they want and meet their needs.

To summarize, marketing research is the process of collecting and analyzing the marketing information we need, to improve our business. 

When we talk about market intelligence, it often means competitive intelligence such as solving issues and gathering related information. For instance, if you own a cafe, you should go around to see what competing cafes are doing, what types of coffee drinks they are offering, or how much do they charge for a cup of coffee. It is an ongoing update for decision makers to stay in touch with what’s happening in the marketplace.

The Market Intelligence Gathering Activities

Most of the time, companies are gathering marketing information related to their daily operations such as which product is the top hot sale or reviews. However, do we really need to know everything? I mean, do we really need to know the person is single or not, in order to sell him or her a cup of coffee? It can be costly to collect everything and every piece of information in detail? Therefore, our target is to get what we need, not everything we want. Remember, we do this to help us make great decisions, not for private seeking purpose. We have to do it legally and properly.

Nowadays, an excellent customer relationship management (CRM) system has become more and more important. Recording key information to unlock a better success. Salespeople or brokers can provide and record those kinds of information and using the CRM to help them sell products.

Before we consider buying something, we are likely to search it online and ask Google first. So, if you are frequently been asked about electric cars, what would you do? It's billion-dollar information for the 2020s if you catch up with the trend and start building your own electric car business.

We are not almighty god, but we can learn from nature and anyone better than ourselves. By purchasing some subscription plans or keep eyes on the information provided by professional authorities like WSJ, The Economist, or Bloomberg, companies can keep their strategies update and fit.

During the pandemic of COVID19, e-commerce has become an unexpected trend for traditional retailers. Before the weak sale report comes out, companies should all get prepared. Quickly catch up on what customers are moving and what suppliers are now providing.

Finally, truly understanding customers is not only collecting quantitative data but also have to know what they think.

How Do Marketing Professionals Know If They Have Crossed The Line in Terms of Gathering Marketing Intelligence?

A locked door can keep honest people honest. But what to lock and how? Companies have to manage their internal culture to avoid gathering corporate information illegally or unethically or become a victim of industrial espionage.

Most of the time, when companies know they have crossed the line is during filing lawsuits or been charged with illegally gathering information. To avoid that situation, companies must have a strategy or plan for that. From interview a new intern to fire a senior CEO, companies must accurately disclose all relevant information and regulate them with contracts. Although not everyone is a spy or criminal, these codes are just like a locked door. Company policies, objectives, and guidelines are also the detectors for earlier known when someone has crossed the line.

Reference

Tanner, J. & Raymond, M.A. (2015). Principles of Marketing. University of Minnesota Open Textbook Library. Licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa.

Why Study Marketing? “build it and they will come” philosophy doesn’t work

Why Study Marketing? “build it and they will come” philosophy doesn’t work. Marketing helps facilitate exchanges between buyers and sellers for the mutual benefit of both parties. 

Marketing Delivers Value

Not only does marketing deliver value to customers, but also that value translates into the value of the firm as it develops a reliable customer base and increases its sales and profitability.

Marketing Benefits Society

Marketing benefits society in general by improving people’s lives in two ways. First, as we mentioned, it facilitates trade and in economics, trade makes people’s lives better. Then, better marketing means more successful companies, jobs are created. 

From an economic perspective, more choices and smarter consumers are indicative of a higher quality of life. Marketers are trying to deliver offerings of value to consumers by effectively communicating so that consumers are able to make more informed decisions.

Marketing Offers People Career Opportunities

Marketing is the interface between producers and consumers, the one function in the organization in which the entire business comes together. 

Marketing Research

To understand what strategies or tactics work best.

Merchandising

To develop strategies regarding what products wholesalers should carry to sell to retailers.

Sales

To determine the needs, propose offerings, and make sure that the customer is satisfied.

Advertising

Television commercials, print ads, electronic media, Web sites, pop-up ads, podcasts, and more.

Product Development

To identify and create features that meet the customers' needs.

Direct Marketing

Channels such as e-mail, chat lines, telephone, or direct mail.

Digital Media

To determine which consumers receive which message and with IT professionals to create the right look and feel of digital media.

Event Marketing

To plan special events and conversations with potential and current customers in a special setting.

Nonprofit Marketing

Nonprofit marketers typically have smaller budgets. But their work is always very important as they try to change behaviors without having a product to sell.

Criticisms of Marketing

It is costly, and business leaders need to understand the cost/benefit ratio of marketing for wise investments. 

Another criticism is that marketing creates wants among consumers for products and services that aren’t really needed. 

Reference

Tanner, J. & Raymond, M.A. (2010). Principles of Marketing 2.0. Lardbucket.org. Licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0.

Who Does Marketing? For-Profit Companies, Nonprofit Organizations, and Individuals

Everybody does marketing today, but with different types.

For-Profit Companies

P&G then sells the toothpaste through retailers like Walmart, which has a panel of consumers sample the product and provide feedback through an online community. 

For-profit companies can be defined by the nature of their customers such as B2C (business-to-consumer) or B2B (business-to-business).

Other ways to categorize companies that engage in marketing is by the functions they fulfill such as P&G is a manufacturer and Walmart is a retailer. They have different functions, but all engage in marketing activities by different types.

Nonprofit Organizations

Although an organization like the American Heart Association does not directly benefit, the organization is meeting its mission, or purpose, of getting people to live heart-healthy lives. So, not everything is based only on a financial point of view. Its marketing activities are nonprofit marketing. Even government entities also engage in marketing activities. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) runs a number of advertising campaigns designed to promote environmentally friendly activities. 

Individuals

If you sell yourself in an interview, is that marketing? When you work for a wage, you are delivering value in exchange for pay. 

Reference

Tanner, J. & Raymond, M.A. (2010). Principles of Marketing 2.0. Lardbucket.org. Licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0.

Defining Marketing

American Marketing Association: Marketing is “the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.

The traditional view was the 4 Ps, Products, Promotion, Place, and Price.

Now, it's 4 Components of marketing

Creating - The process of collaborating with suppliers and customers to create offerings that have value.

Communicating - Offerings learning from customers.

Delivering - Getting offerings to consumers.

Exchanging - Trading value.

However, the four Ps are not exactly the same as the 4 Components of marketing. They fail to capture all the activities of marketing. 

For instance, "exchanging" requires the transfer of "ownership", not just a price or place. When you buy a car, you must sign documents that transfer the car’s title from the seller to you. 

The goal of marketers is to create a profitable exchange for consumers. 

Value is at the center of everything marketing does, but what does value mean?

The term value means the benefits buyers receive that meet their needs. Also means, what the customer gets by purchasing and consuming a company’s offering. 

Notice that although the offering is created by firms, the value is determined by their customers.

By profitable, we mean that the consumer’s personal value equation is positive. The personal value equation is value = benefits received – [price + hassle]

Hassle is the time and effort the consumer puts into the shopping process. 

The equation is very personal since the benefits customers receive from a product will vary, as well as the time and effort they put into shopping. For instance, because your tastes vary, the benefits you received varied. Although the same dish in the same restaurant, the benefits are still depending on your own personal taste. 

Market-Oriented

The value varies from customer to customer based on each customer’s needs. Marketing requires that marketers seek to satisfy customer wants and needs.  

Production Orientation

However, businesses don’t always embrace market orientation. The Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s was an example of production orientation. During that period, companies believed that the best way to compete was by reducing production costs, which means "good products would sell themselves". Ford’s production line made the automobile cheap and affordable for just about everyone was an example of production orientation.

Selling Orientation

From the 1920s until after World War II, companies tended to be selling orientation, which means it was necessary to push their products by advertising and sales

The Product Orientation

In the post–World War II environment, demand for goods increased as the economy soared. Some products, limited in supply during World War II, were surplus. Companies now have to do product innovation for product differentiation from their competition. 

As consumers had many choices available, the new challenge is to create what customers wanted. 

Therefore, leading to the development of the marketing concept. 

Service-Dominant Logic

Service-dominant logic is an approach to business that recognizes that consumers want value. 

Defining and labeling are difficult. Value and one-to-one are both natural extensions of the marketing concept, and still in the marketing era. 

Creating Offerings That Have Value

Marketing creates those goods and services that the company offers at a price to its customers or clients. It consists of the tangible good, the intangible service, and the price (the company’s offering). 

However, you can’t buy one manufacturer’s car, another manufacturer’s service, and a third manufacturer’s price when you actually make a choice. 

Marketing people do not create the offering alone. For instance, when the iPad was created, Apple’s engineers were also involved in its design. Apple’s financial personnel had to review the costs of producing the offering and provide input on how it should be priced. Apple’s managers needed to evaluate the manufacturing requirements the iPad would need. The dealers provided input regarding the service policies and warranty structure. 

Marketing has the most responsibility to ensure that it will deliver value.

Communicating Offerings

Communicating means describing the offering and its value to your potential and current customers and learning from customers what it is they want and like. Customers get a chance to tell the company what they think as well.

Delivering Offerings

Marketing can’t just promise value, it also has to deliver value. Value is delivered in part through a company’s supply chain. 

Exchanging Offerings

To communicating and deliver the benefits to consumers, we must do the actual transaction. 

In most instances, we consider the exchange to be cash for products and services. But, what if we pay with "cashback points" or something like that? The transactions would not require cash. 

When consumers acquire and consume products and services, exchange occurs. Like Apple’s “One-to-One” program, you can pay a yearly fee in exchange for additional periodic product training sessions with an Apple professional. 

The Disposing Services

Apple has a Web page where consumers can fill out a form and ship old devices to Apple. Apple then pulls out the materials that are recyclable.

Reference

Tanner, J. & Raymond, M.A. (2010). Principles of Marketing 2.0. Lardbucket.org. Licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0.

Cyber Crime Cases, Money Laundering, Bank Fraud, Malicious Agents, Advance Fee Fraud, Stock Robot Manipulation, Digital Piracy

Fake Websites

Fake websites have become increasingly pervasive it hurts people's trust and makes us doubt with each other. Also, the design and appearance of these websites makes it difficult for users to manually identify them as fake. In addition, it needs problem-specific knowledge. However, we can learn and developed to detect them by utilizing richer sets of fraud cues in combination with problem-specific knowledge.

Money Laundering

Money laundering means the legalizing proceeds of money from criminal acts and integrated these dirty money into the legal economy for the perpetrators can openly use it. 

Why? I think if you want to spend your money legally and publicly, you still need to guise it as if it is legal and clean. That's the basic rule of a medium of exchange, commonly acceptance and trust.

Money laundering involves moving the funds, disguising them, and making them available to the criminal again.

Bank Fraud

As the term "Bank" fraud, it is a criminal offense to defraud a financial institution by knowingly executing a scheme.

Advance Fee Fraud

Frauds are generally intentional misrepresentation, typically financial, and often carried out by white-collar.

Nigeria scam is a scam established by international scammers under the name of Nigeria. Because of Nigeria’s abundant oil and mineral resources, Nigeria’s economy has been relatively prosperous among African countries. Due to its corrupt bureaucracy and civil wars around its nearby countries, rich people want to secure and transfer their assets through a third party to a safe place. However, this is becoming a way for fraudsters to deceive all over the world and expanding quickly through the Internet.

Malicious Agents

A malicious agent is a computer program that operates as a potential intruder to attack a system, a network, or even remotely controlled such as a spying agent transmits sensitive information from the organization to a specific agent. 

Stock Robot Manipulation

Link a robotic computer program to a stock exchange to manipulate a stock-trading by performing real buying and selling orders where stocks were bought at low prices and sold at high prices. 

Digital Piracy

Digital piracy often refers to illegally duplicate digital assets such as software, digital documents, digital audio, and videos without permission. Moreover, the Internet facilitates digital piracy because the network allows crime to take place detached from the owner. 

So, I think if we want to secure our copyright, we can try to shrink the benefits of copy it. Never try to induce anyone or give anyone a strong motive. 

Reference

Garvin, M., III, W., & Williams, A. (2020, January 27). 2020 Intellectual Property Primer: Cases to Watch this Year. Retrieved January 05, 2021, from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=2c7b42fb-aa04-4556-978c-110cd6bc4f7c

Gottschalk, P. (2010).  Policing Cyber Crime. Bookboon.

Intellectual Property Alert: 2020 Intellectual Property Primer: Cases to Watch this Year. (n.d.). Retrieved January 05, 2021, from https://www.vorys.com/publications-2481.html

Cyber Crime Defined, Click Frauds, Financial Computer Crime, and White-Collar Computer Crime

Cybercrime and computer crime are both related to Internet crime. The initial role of these technologies was to improve the efficiency and effectiveness by using them correctly. However, its side effects are computer crimes. It often means any violations of criminal law for piracy, data stealing, investigation, or any other crimes. And the economic damages will be also huge since we are more and more dependent on computers and the internet, to supply products and services. The Internet is a double-edged sword that provides many opportunities for goods and also for crimes. It has become a global issue and requires full cooperation at the international level.

Click Frauds

Click fraud is often designed to achieve some click targets fraudulently by programming or by hand and losing the original purposes of clicks. For instance, When you click on an ad displayed on a website, the advertiser typically pays a fee for each click. So, they are supposed to meet the advertisers' purpose, to direct potential buyers to their products.

Financial Computer Crime

Financial crime generally means crimes against property that are unlawful. Financial crimes are mostly profit-driven, involve frauds, and are labeled economic crimes sometimes. For instance, check frauds, credit card frauds, mortgage frauds, medical fraud, and insurance frauds are big issues these days. The victim range is from individuals to institutions, corporations, or even governments.

White-Collar Computer Crime

The theory of profit-driven crime for white-collar crime suggests that financial crimes are opportunity-driven. Basically, I agree with it. Because if every financial crime is profit-driven, it will become jobs for everyone, just like we do for livings.

White-collar crime can be defined in terms of the offense, the offender, or both, which means the people who are seen as white-collar, the things are considered as white-collar computer crimes or both. 

If defined in terms of both perspectives, it against a property for a personal or organizational benefit, plus highly educated and socially connected individuals, typically the persons of respectability who commit crime in the course of their occupation. From the victim's perspective, hacking was the most commonly reported computer crime incident. 

Reference

Gottschalk, P. (2010).  Policing Cyber Crime. Bookboon.

What is intellectual property? Why Is It A Valuable Asset for The Owner? How Are Intellectual Property Rights Acknowledged and Protected?

What is intellectual property? 

Intellectual property is a broad term that covers intangible assets and legally protected. It is summarized as all rights from the field of intellectual activities, an intangible property created by human wisdom, mainly involving copyright, patent, trademark, and other fields. Works of art in the form of music and literature, as well as discoveries, inventions, symbols, and designs, can be protected as intellectual property. 

Intellectual property rights can be divided into industrial property rights and copyrights. Industrial property rights include patents, trademarks, industrial designs, and geographical indications. Copyright, on the other hand, includes literary and artistic works.

Why Is It A Valuable Asset for The Owner? 

For business owners, businesses measure value in different ways such as client retention, return on investment, sales, revenues. Intellectual property consists of many different types of valuable assets owned by a company, For instance, trademarks, patents, and copyrights.

Although it’s an intangible asset, intellectual property can be far more valuable than a physical asset and provides a competitive advantage over competitors. Also, an organization with intellectual property assets can utilize it internally or by sharing it externally through royalty rights. In addition, intellectual property is an asset that can be licensed, sold, or assigned regardless of whether a company has a physical location. For instance, amid COVID-19, many physical storefronts struggle to keep their doors open. Without intellectual property protection, researchers and businesses would not get proper compensation for their creations. 

How Are Intellectual Property Rights Acknowledged and Protected?

It may sound very difficult or time-consuming, but it is worth to protect it. For copyright, there is no additional registration procedure to follow. The protection is free and automatic. 

However, copyright does not actually protect an idea itself. It is protected the way the idea has been represented such as brochures, presentations, or websites.

If you want to apply for a patent, registered design, or a trademark this can be done through intellectual property offices such as the UK intellectual property office, depends on where you want to do your business. Also, you can do it either on your own or find a patent solicitor. In addition, online resources like the Business & IP Centre has a number of business events and services that can help. 

Conclusion

A good thing is developed, usually because it targets to solve a problem and the solutions may indeed be very similar or even identical. This is the parallel creation or design. Because, in the same field, the problems are very similar and the principles of the application of technical methods are also the same. Therefore, we must confirm the plagiarism can really exist because of special correspondence and excluding the possibility of parallel creation. In any case, if plagiarism occurs, it is necessary to carefully examine it is protected by law or not.

The Madrid Agreement

The Madrid Agreement was concluded in 1891. By 2012, it had 56 members. The main purpose of this agreement is to simplify the trademark registration application procedures. For instance, after registered in a member country, it can apply for an international trademark registration based on the registered trademark. An application for international registration must designate one or more Contracting Parties in which protection is sought. 

Reference

Gottschalk, P. (2010).  Policing Cyber Crime. Bookboon.

Why Intellectual Property Is So Valuable To Businesses. (2020, June 17). Retrieved January 04, 2021, from https://feldman.law/news/why-intellectual-property-is-so-valuable-to-businesses/

Why you need to protect your Intellectual Property. (2015, July 21). Retrieved January 04, 2021, from https://www.bl.uk/business-and-ip-centre/articles/why-you-need-to-protect-your-intellectual-property

E-Commerce, What Is Business Impact Analysis (BIA)? The Primary Elements or Components?

I think cyber attacks have become more and more common these days, so our practices to secure our data, property, or business, are like, a locked door can keep honest people honest. Never try to induce anyone, because everyone has a price tag.

Although not everything and everyone is always perfect, we just learn to be better and better. New information technologies bring us a convenient daily life, but they do not always come with zero cost. From the historic view, we always solve a problem and create another concern. We created the Internet to make the world a better place, but also make the world full of more frauds and cyber attacks.

Cyber attacks are almost everywhere through our well-connected web and our phone. The target areas in information insecurity even upgraded to a military level, not just cybercrimes. It can destroy and paralyzes a country without any real missiles.

What Is Business Impact Analysis (BIA)? 

It is a systematic process to determine and evaluate the effects of an interruption to critical business operations while there is a disaster, accident, or emergency. Therefore, it is vital for an organization's business continuance and survival when a disruptive event happens. 

I think it is pretty common to mix up BIA with risk analysis, they are different steps. If an unexpected rain causes you to buy an umbrella, it is the action or influence you are affected by the event, it is about impact analysis. Risk analysis is about what is the possibility of an event such as the rain, or any possible events will occur in the future.

The Primary Elements or Components

Operational

There are many details in business operations such as the recent pandemic COVID-19 which impacts customers' purchases. Or, advantages to competitors such as the coming winter but you are selling ice cream. Effect on suppliers and on the business’s supply chain like the rainforest has been destroyed, global warming or just bad weather reduces the harvest of coffee beans, and you are in business like Starbucks.

Financial

From the loss of share value to increased expenditures, lower revenue, or lower profits, are all hurting the growth of a business. The recent pandemic COVID-19 was increased the related costs such as restaurants have to pay rents even they are forced to shut down. Their revenues crashed during the shutdown period while their debts are still chasing by, thus, lead to bankruptcy.

Contractual and Legal

To meet contractual obligations service or product delivery is essential for any business. For instance, my father's food company are trying to cooperate with Amazon recently, so he has to meet the contractual and legal requirements such as FDA's approval and the fulfillment contract with Amazon.

Reputational

Even though reputational is intangible, it has the potential to affect all kinds of business, especially in marketing. 

Societal

When the rivers are all dried up and the trees are all cut down, people will then realize that they can not "eat" money. It's very true that we live and grow together on the precious planet. As a business owner, you should always give back to your society. Societal resources such as critical infrastructures are all crucial to all businesses and their customers. COVID-19, for instance, plenty of firms are now relying on the vaccine to launch.

The Others

The elements of BIA, depends on what kind of business you are in, may have very different components. So, you should have a full insight view of your business. Also, the BIA process needs to be upgraded regularly to reflect related changes.

Reference

Gelbstein, E. (2013). Information Security for Non-Technical Managers. Bookboon.

Public disclosure of private facts, E-Commerce

Introduction

Privacy is often defined as the “right to be left alone”, and The Fourth Amendment forms the basis of a “right to privacy,” as The enjoyment of financial and personal privacy is fundamental to a free and civil society. From a legal perspective, the right to privacy involves the "control" over one’s personal information and privileged communications.

However, everyone's privacy is under siege through the Internet. So, how privacy is threatened by technology? What are the key sources of privacy law? What are the elements of the main privacy torts? What are the major federal laws in the United States that affect personal privacy? Can we reverse it or make it right? Not every solution is perfect for now, but we still have to try. Moreover, when it comes to the law, quantifiable damages for recovery is necessary, otherwise, it will be difficult to get the balance.

Understanding The Threats

First, we have to know where and what are these threats. Threats to privacy existed even before the Internet such as papers are also been to record and save personal information. As the ICT(Information Communication Technology) has developed, personal information is saved on all types of devices including computers, phones, and tablets. Our privacy is mostly threatened by individuals(the other people) or a group of people such as governments, or even AI in the future. 

The Law

Although not every country is the same, in the United States, however, governmental privacy-related issues are concentrated at the federal level, based on the U.S. Constitution, Amendments, state constitutions, common law torts, federal and state statutes, and administrative agency rules.

Types of Torts

How do we consider one thing as a privacy tort? Intrusion? What are the intrusion behaviors? Public disclosure of private facts? What kind of facts are seen as private? Defamation? Misappropriation? Many terms are waiting for our precise definitions if we want to make them become the law. Otherwise, it will be hard to judge or charge against anyone with any law. Although either judge or charge against someone is not our major purpose, it likes the units or the libra we use as a standard or the tool to evaluate those torts. 

What Is Intrusion?

It's often defined as intentionally intruding, including physical or other related concerns. More precisely, it means the intrusion has to be intentional, at least in the common sense, the intrusion was a violation. Then, the one being violated must have had a reasonable expectation of privacy and being substantially intruded. For instance, people in public places have less expectation of privacy since they must assume they might be photographed or publicly recorded.

As we can see, the key terms here are intentional and reasonable expectation. So, beware to make your decisions. In recent decades, courts have expanded torts to include electronic property rights. However, in some situations such as a medic responding to an emergency fire call and the medic enters a person’s home.

Public Disclosure of Private Facts

It is publicly disclosing or transmitting highly private or personal information about another that causes damage to their reputation and highly offensive to a reasonable person of ordinary sensibilities. 

However, to prove for this tort, an intent to communicate the facts is necessary and offensive to a reasonable person. In addition, these facts disclosed have to be private or personal, or they may be considered as public. False light and the tort of defamation are also commonly confused. False light involves hurting a person emotionally by embarrassing them. Defamation is an intentional false message spreading, either written or spoken that harms a person’s reputation. Therefore, the threshold of the proof is different.

Examples Where Someone Was Injured Because of A Public Disclosure of Private Facts About Them

Taiwan pop star Show Luo shamed by ex’s breakup post. Having been unmasked as a serial love cheat and fan of orgies, the goody-two-shoes image of Taiwan mandopop star Show Luo is tattered beyond repair. 

In a post on Thursday, April 23rd, 2020, Show Luo's ex, Grace Chow confirmed she broke up earlier this year with Show Luo. In a blazing break-up letter, Chow detailed how her heart had been broken after scrolling through his phone and finding evidence galore of his many infidelities. A few days after the post, there was another rumor that he secretly built a swimming pool in a mansion and also asked many hot girls to his party. Taiwan pop star Show Luo’s private life was publicly disclosed due to his ex's public post. His career was hit hard after the news.

Another example was about the New York Post reported a story of Hunter, Joe Biden's second son, who was a director on the board of Burisma, a Ukrainian-owned private energy company. The New York Post cited a purported email from Hunter Biden in August 2017 indicating he was receiving a $10m annual fee from a Chinese billionaire for introductions alone. Moreover, another purported email, which Fox News said it had confirmed, reportedly refers to a deal pursued by Hunter involving China's largest private energy firm. 

What Do The Examples Have in Common? 

They all publicly disclosed some private facts about a person and hurt their reputations or their careers. And, there are both public figures.

Learn from These Events

Although not every disclosure is bad, they all put a person, a group, or a company on the stage. On the stage, you can make it worse or reverse it to the strength of fighting back. It all depends on what you are plan to do or what you are deciding to do. It's your choice. Whatever comes our way, whatever battle we have raging inside us, we always have choices. It's the choices that make us who we are, and we can always choose to do what's right. 

Reference

Fourth Amendment. (n.d.). Retrieved December 26, 2020, from https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/fourth_amendment

Kustron, K. G. (2015). Internet and Technology Law: A U.S. Perspective. Bookboon.

Quartly, J. (2020, April 25). Taiwan pop star Show Luo shamed by ex's breakup post: Taiwan News: 2020/04/24. Retrieved December 27, 2020, from https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3922139

Information Security, Enterprise Security, and Information Technology Security. The Three Main Areas of Accountability Regarding Information Security, E-Commerce

The management of information security relies on three distinct areas of accountability. They are enterprise security, information security, and information technology security. However, due to different organizational structures, they are not always well linked or coordinated.

What Is Information Security?

Information security, or so-called InfoSec, refers to the processes designed and deployed to protect sensitive business information from modification, disruption, destruction, and inspection. However, information security is often confused with cybersecurity. Information security is a crucial part of cybersecurity, but cybersecurity is a more general term that includes information security. The basic element is to preserve confidentiality and ensuring that information can only be accessed only by an authorized person. However, that's not enough. We also have to maintain integrity, to safeguard the accuracy and completeness of the information, thus no unauthorized changes are made. Besides, the final step is to ensure information is available for use when required. So, let's discuss each step.

ISO 27000

ISO/IEC 27000:2018 provides an overview of information security management systems (ISMS). It also provides terms and definitions commonly used in the ISMS family of standards such as authenticity(ensuring the genuine), Possession and Control(control of data creates the risk of loss of security), Utility(data availability), and Non-Repudiation.

What Is Enterprise Security?

Enterprise security, in short, is a multi-faceted concern that includes both the internal or proprietary business secrets such as hacking attacks, social engineering attacks, and phishing attacks, or physical aspects, kidnapping, or frauds, even unauthorized agents' spy activities such as installed on the telecom network or the local wifi channels. 

For instance, Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn all be regulated by governments, and faced large fines if they lose the sensitive customer data to hackers. Keep these data to reliance on cloud infrastructure for business process support introduces new challenges to corporate security in IT. Moreover, the ability to access unencrypted passwords and login information can compromise not only individual accounts and data but also an entire corporate network if an intruder gains data center access.

In addition, all enterprises start with hiring people to work for them. Their human resources department takes all the necessary employment steps to ensure data privileges are appropriately limited. Enterprise security is focused on related data centers, networking, and servers, but they all closely connected with human resources. In social engineering attacks and phishing attacks like email encourage employees to click on links that download and install malware, they both weaknesses in human nature. However, even where physical access is tightly controlled, enterprise corporations still face hacking attacks from the farthest reaches around the globe. These attacks can be separated by different levels. From cyber-war to just criminal or publicity-seeking hackers, all possible to target the critical infrastructures of businesses like power stations, telecommunications, plants, or to steal credit card information and bank account access.

What Is Information Technology Security

Information technology security is a set of cybersecurity strategies that prevent unauthorized access to assets such as computers, networks, and data. It also keeps the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive information and blocks malicious access. Threats to IT security come in different forms such as malware, ransomware, spyware, and viruses.

Types of IT security are network security, internet security, endpoint security, application security, and the most popular recently, cloud security. 

What Are The Differences?

Although IT security and information security sound similar and often confused, they are different types of security. Information security refers to the processes and tools designed to protect sensitive business information, whereas IT security refers to securing digital data. 

One way to ascertain the similarities and differences among these terms is by asking what is being secured. For instance, information security is securing information and doesn’t necessarily have to involve technology while IT security is technology-specific. And, recall that enterprise security a multi-faceted concern, what is been protected is businesses and firms. So, its purpose is to secure all threats against the specific business, not just from hackers, but also from liars or even dumps.

Reference

Computer Security vs Information Security: What's the Difference? (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2020, from https://business.gmu.edu/blog/tech/2014/09/22/deciphering-itcyber-lexicon/?hvid=3jDqdK

Gelbstein, E. (2013). Information Security for Non-Technical Managers. Bookboon.

ISO/IEC 27000:2018. (2018, February 07). Retrieved December 28, 2020, from https://www.iso.org/standard/73906.html

What Is IT Security? - Information Technology Security. (2020, December 16). Retrieved December 29, 2020, from https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/what-is-it-security.html

What Is Information Security (InfoSec)? (2020, December 14). Retrieved December 29, 2020, from https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/what-is-information-security-infosec.html