Introduction to Business Models with Ecommerce

A business model is a sustainable way of doing business, the unique combination of attributes that deliver a certain value proposition, and a platform that enables the strategic choices to become profitable. It must be developed and optimized continuously to meet changing competitive demands. 

The core of the business model description should be the connections between the six different elements:

i. The value proposition, the value created for users by the offering based on the technology.

ii. The market segment, to whom the technology is useful and for what purpose.

iii. The structure of the value chain within the firm required to create and distribute the offering.

iv. The cost structure and profit potential.

v. The position of the firm within the value network linking suppliers and customers.

vi. The competitive strategy holds advantages over rivals.

A business model describes the coherence in the strategic choices which facilitates the handling of the processes and relations which create value on both the operational, tactical, and strategic levels in the organization. 

Driving out the business model:

Which value creation are we trying to sell?

Which connections are we trying to optimize through the value creation?

The product or service is unique or not? 

Which resources do we need to mobilize strategies?

Where are the risks? How to control them?

Archetypes of business models: The e-business models.

• e-shop, e-mall, e-auction, and e-procurement
• 3rd party marketplace
• Virtual communities
• Value chain integrator
• Value chain service provider
• Collaboration platforms

The Four profit-formulas for e-businesses:

i. Commission 

ii. Advertising 

iii. Mark-up

iv. Production

If firms within the same industry operate on different business models, different competences and knowledge resources are key parts of the value creation.

Organigraphs consists of four basic components: the set, the chain, the hub, and the web.

The set, a collection of separate parts. A set of independent activities. 

The chain, describes sequential connectivity of activities such as in Ford’s automobile factory. 

The hub, serves as a coordination center. Both physical form or a conceptual point. The movements to and from one focal point. 

The web, organizational connection, or the notion of interactive networks. 

Strategy, the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise. The actions, the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out the goals.

The role of technology in the business model is a key element in determining which organizational structures become feasible.

Reference

Nielson, C. & Lund, M. (2013).   The Basics of Business Models. Bookboon.

What You Need to Know while Doing Business with The Internet

Organizations face three strategic challenges: demand risk, innovation risk, and inefficiency risk. 

Demand risk

The globalization of the world market increasing deregulation exposes firms to greater levels of competition, and fewer customers want to buy the same firm's products. 

To counter it, organizations need to be flexible, adaptive, and stimulating demand for their products and services.

The Web can be used as a market penetration mechanism to attain strategies where neither the product nor the target market is changed. 

The Web can be used to develop markets, by facilitating the introduction and distribution of existing products into new markets. 

The Web will offer opportunities to tap into global markets and creates a tailored experience for the visitors. 

Firefly markets technology for adaptive Web site learning. Its software tries to discover such as what type of music a visitor likes so that it can recommend CDs. 

The Web can also be a mechanism that facilitates product development, as companies who know their customers well and create for them. 

The Web can be used to diversify a business by taking new products to new markets. For example, American Express was using a Web site to go beyond its traditional traveler's check by providing on-line facilities to purchase annuities, and equities. 

Innovation risk

Failure to adapt. Innovation inevitably leads to imitation, and this imitation leads to more oversupply. It's inexorable, just get off this cycle. 

E-mail can facilitate frequent communication with the most innovative customers. The advantage of a bulletin board is that another customer reading an idea may contribute to its development and elaboration. 

Inefficiency risk

Failure to match competitors' unit costs. A major potential use of the Internet is to lower costs by electronic. 

FAQs(frequently asked questions), to lower the cost of communicating with customers. 

Disintermediation, the elimination of intermediaries such as brokers and dealers. The next stage is for car manufacturers to sell directly to consumers.

The need to process high volume physical flows is likely to result in economies of scale. 

The information flow side relatively easy to scale up and is critical because diversity increases decision complexity. 

For car dealers, disintermediation is a high threat. The on-line lot can easily replace the physical lot.

Disintermediation is not a binary event. It is on or off for some linkages in the value network. Some consumers are likely to prefer to interact with dealers. 

Internet technology

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the communication network protocol used on the Internet. TCP/IP has two parts. TCP handles the transport of data, and IP performs routing and addressing.

Data transport

The two main methods for transporting data across a network are circuit and packet switching. 

Circuit switching is commonly used for voice and package switching for data. Each link of a predetermined bandwidth is dedicated to a predetermined number of users for a period of time. 

The Internet is a packet switching network. The TCP split a message from the sending computer into packets, uniquely numbering each packet, transmitting the packets, and putting them together at the receiving computer correctly.

Routing

The process of determining the path, the IP, to dynamically determine the best route. It's dynamic and may take different paths. Not necessarily arrive in the sequence.

Addressability

Messages can be sent from one computer to another only when every server on the Internet is uniquely addressable. 

The Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) manages the IP addresses so that TCP/IP networks anywhere in the world can communicate with each other. 

An IP address is a unique 32-bit number consisting of four groups of decimal numbers in the range 0 to 255, and difficult to recall. 

Domain Name Server (DNS) converts aussie.mgmt.uga.edu to the IP address 128.192.73.60. 

The exponential growth of the Internet will eventually result in a shortage of IP addresses. So, the next-generation IP (IPng) is underway.

Infrastructure

Electronic commerce is built on various technology layers. National Information, Message distribution, Electronic publishing, Business services, Electronic commerce applications.

National information infrastructure

The bedrock, NII. Cable TV, telephone networks, cellular communication systems, computer networks, and the Internet. 

Message distribution infrastructure

Sending and receiving messages. Its purpose is to deliver a message from a server to a client. Messages can be unformatted or formatted. For example, electronic data interchange (EDI), e-mail, and hypertext text transfer protocol (HTTP).

Electronic publishing infrastructure

To publish a full range of text and multimedia. A uniform resource locator (URL) to uniquely identify any server, a network protocol, and a structured markup language, HTML.

Business services infrastructure

To support business processes, the secure transmission of credit card numbers by providing encryption and electronic funds transfer. 

Electronic commerce applications

Applications written in HTML are the messaging protocol. The Internet physically transports messages between the bookseller and customer.

Summary of the electronic commerce applications

Electronic commerce applications > Book catalog

Business services infrastructure > Encryption

Electronic publishing infrastructure > HTML

Message distribution infrastructure > HTTP

National information infrastructure > Internet

Electronic commerce topologies have been used to support electronic commerce.

Cooperation with a range of stakeholders, among employees, or cooperation with a business partner. 

Topology Internet Intranet Extranet

Extent Global Organizational Business partnership

Focus Stakeholder Employee Distribution

The Internet is a global network. Any computer connected to the Internet can communicate with any server in the system. Thus, the Internet is well-suited to communicating with a wide variety of stakeholders. 

Companies can use its Web site to distribute changes like software updates to customers or provide financial reports to investors.

Intra-organizational network, the intranet that enables people within the organization to communicate and cooperate with each other. 

A firewall is used to restrict access so that people outside the organization cannot access the intranet. 

An extranet is designed to link a buyer and supplier to facilitate greater coordination of common activities. 

Each business has a value chain, and the extranet supports the data transfer between two value chains. 

An organization may have multiple extranets to link it with many other organizations and specialized to support partnership coordination.

The cost of linking using Internet technology is lower than the traditional approach, the electronic data interchange (EDI).

EDI

A standardized data format is used to exchange common business documents between trading partners. In contrast to email messages, EDI supports the exchange of repetitive, routine transactions.

Standards mean that routine electronic transactions can be concise and precise. The main standard used in the U.S. and Canada is known as ANSI X.12, and the major international standard is EDIFACT. Firms following the same standard can electronically share data. 

Before EDI, many standard messages between partners were generated by computers, printed, and mailed to the other party.

The main advantages of EDI:

Paper handling is reduced.

Data are exchanged in real-time.

Fewer errors.

Greater coordination.

Money flows are accelerated. 

Most EDI traffic has been handled by value-added networks (VANs) or private networks. VANs add communication services to those provided by common carriers like AT&T. 

Internet communication costs are typically less than with traditional EDI. The Internet is displacing VANs as the electronic transport path between trading partners.

The simplest approach is to use the Internet as a means of replacing a VAN by using a commercially Internet EDI.

The multimedia capability of the Internet creates an opportunity for new applications and information exchange within a partnership. 

Security

Electronic commerce poses additional security problems since the Internet is to give people remote access to information. 

Access control

Visitor authentication. The common techniques for the Internet are account number, password, and IP address. Personal memory(Name, account number, password), Possessed object(Badge, plastic card, key, IP address), Personal characteristic(Fingerprint, signature).

Firewall

This barrier monitor controls all traffic between the Internet and the intranet, and restrict the access of outsiders to the intranet. The simplest method is to restrict traffic with designated IP addresses or to restrict access to certain applications. 

Coding

Coding or encryption techniques. The intruder cannot read the data without knowing the method of encryption and the key.

Encryption

Encryption is the process of transforming messages or data to protect their meaning. The reverse process, decryption, converts it into the original message. 

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a public domain implementation of public-key encryption.

A public-key encryption system has two keys: one private and the other public key which can be freely distributed. 

To send and receive messages, communicators need to create separate pairs of private and public keys and then exchange their public keys. 

The sender encrypts a message with the public key and receives the message with a private key. 

Signing

A public-key encryption system can be used to authenticate messages. If communicating electronically, sign the messages so that the receiver could verify it. A sender's private key is used to create a signed message. The receiver then applies the sender's public key to verify the signature. When the purported sender's public key is applied to this message, the identity of the sender can be verified.

4 methods of electronic payment:

• Electronic funds transfer 

• digital cash

• Ecash

• Credit card

4 fundamental concerns regarding electronic money:

Security

Authentication

Anonymity

Divisibility

Transactions should remain confidential. 

Electronic currency must be spendable in small amounts.

All electronic money systems are potentially divisible. 

Electronic funds transfer(EFT)

EFT is essentially an electronic checking transaction. 

Clearinghouses facilitate the flow of funds between accounts in different banks.

Electronic checking is fast and flexible, it can handle high volumes of transactions locally and internationally. 

The major shortfall of EFT is that all transactions must pass through the banking system, which is legally required to record every transaction. This is a lack of privacy.

Digital cash

Digital cash is an electronic parallel of notes and coins such as prepaid cards and smart cards. Adding a PIN number to a smart card can raise its security level.

Credit card

Do not support person-to-person transfers and do not have the privacy of cash.

SSL

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) was created by Netscape for managing the security of message transmissions in a network. SSL uses public-key encryption to encode the transmission of secure messages between a browser and a Web server.

SET

Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) is a financial industry innovation. MasterCard and Visa, SET is designed to offer a high level of security for Web-based financial transactions. SET is based on cryptography and digital certificates. Public-key cryptography ensures message confidentiality between parties in a financial transaction. Digital certificates uniquely identify the parties to a transaction. They are issued by banks or clearinghouses. Authenticated users can look up other users' public keys.

The SET components

The digital wallet.

This software plug-in contains a consumer's digital certificate, shipping, and other account information, and protected by a password.

Merchant server

Payment gateway

The bridge between SET and the existing payment network. 

Certificate authority

The process

Opens a MasterCard or Visa account with a bank.

A digital certificate, expiration date and has been digitally signed by the bank to ensure its validity.

Merchants' digital certificates from the bank. 

Confirms that the merchant's digital certificate is valid.

This message is encrypted with the merchant's public key.

The merchant verifies the customer by checking the digital signature on the customer's certificate. 

The merchant sends the order message along to the bank. 

The bank verifies the merchant and the message. 

The merchant gets paid according to its contract with its bank.

The customer gets a monthly bill from the bank issuing the credit card.

The advantage of SET is that a consumer's credit card number cannot be deciphered by the merchant. Only the bank and card issuer can decode this number. 

Cookies

A cookie is a mechanism for remembering details of a single visit or store facts between visits, and stored on your hard disk by a Web application. Visit tracking, Storing information (record personal details), Customization, Marketing.

References

Applegate, L. M., C. W. Holsapple, R. Kalakota, F. J. Rademacher, and A. B. Whinston. 1996. Electronic commerce: building blocks for new business opportunity. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce 6 (1):1-10.

Kalakota, R., and A. B. Whinston. 1996. Frontiers of electronic commerce . Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Watson, R. T., P. G. McKeown, and M. Garfield. 1997. Topologies for electronic cooperation. In Telekoopertion in Unternehmen , edited by F. Lehner and S. Dustdar. Weisbaden, Germany: Deutscher Universitäts Verlag, 1-11.

Inbound Marketing

From Web 1.0 to Web 2.0

From information based websites (Web 1.0), we searched, found, and kept our opinions to ourselves, to the social web, the separation of content. The previously silent masses, now, were given a megaphone. Every business in every industry now can publish media online. 

Outbound & Inbound Marketing

Outbound

Those activities that involve pushing messages outwards at prospective customers such as TV ads, billboards. 

Inbound

Those activities are active and offer great experiences, so consumers will bring all their friends and family members with them.

Traditional Outbound Marketing

Buys an advert on local radio, and purchases a data list for mass emails and cold calls. It works but at a price.

Traditional Inbound Marketing

in the middle of a busy high street, lots of people walk past every day and see a huge sign marked an advertisement packed with 3D TVs. Unfortunately, the prime location and memorable experience come at a price and only help on a very local scale. 

Online Inbound Marketing

With Google Map, we discover restaurants for dinner. In the intro of the restaurant, we see recommendations and reviews from others who have already been there. 

With a Facebook Fan Page, some clients become fans and have the potential to attract clients’ friends, friends of friends.

The Terminologies

Above the fold

Let's make it easy and short. Before you scroll down to read more information on an online article, what do you see at the beginning? Titles, topics, and keywords like a link or "click".

Algorithm

As we learned in the math course, there are formulas to calculate inputs and transfer them to outputs. Search engines use algorithms to decide on the results.

Anchor text

The text within a link such as "click here".

Bounce rate

Those people that only visit one page of your site and don’t go any deeper.

Call to Action (CTA)

“Buy Now!” or “Click here to upgrade your career”.

CMS – Content Management System

A system allows everyone to change content and even formatting within a website.

Indexing

Google always try to find more and more pages. When it has been found and added to Google’s results, it has been “indexed”.

Infographic

The images designed to illustrate a set of statistics.

Branding

Connects with target audiences

Allows people to see within the heart of the organization and a transparent brand.

Search Engines prefer to promote the results of a reputable and trustworthy brand.

Branding Actions

Logo web 2.0 update.

Authenticity.

The Website

Design, a better UI, and looking.

A solid Content Management System (CMS). Brand new pages, images, and videos. 

Bespoke websites

Every last detail will be designed to suit your exact requirements.

Open-source websites

To take an existing CMS with a combination of templates and plug-ins for a custom unique brand skin.

Benefits of an open-source website

Quality

Communities of experts have collaborated on creating the best possible solutions.

Plug-ins

As websites should be constantly evolving, this means new tools, widgets, designs. Plug-ins that will allow you to build on your website with the click of a button. 

By using an open-source model, anyone can access the code and make changes, which is critical with an e-commerce site that will continually need updating.

Content Marketing

Developing unbeatable resources so that people come back time and time again. Resources like high quality written material, useful, and educational content. Entertainment like funny, or controversial. Happy visitors, Higher conversion rates, Lots of return visits, Social recommendations, BIG SEO benefits.

Why great content = Great SEO?

More new landing pages in the search engines, get more amount of traffic.

More links to your resources from happy visitors, and so does Google. Google is taking user experiences into account.

PDF Files and HTML

PDF Files and HTML What's The Differences?

PDF

A PDF file shows what the original article looks like include graphs and page numbers. It is a portable document format created by Adobe as a method of transferring documents without being altered. Now, Adobe has released it as an open standard. To open it, you need applications like Adobe Acrobat Reader, Preview(Mac app), or any other PDF apps.

HTML

An HTML file has been computer formatted, so you don't need additional software to read the file. However, unlike pdf files, if there were images in the original article, they may not be included or even look different. HTML files are scripts that try to display to the best of its ability, but often problematic. Its output might not look exactly as the author expected. 

The Similarities and Differences

The Similarities

PDF and HTML are both one type of file format.

Both PDF-formatted and HTML articles can be searched for any words or phrases. 

The Differences

PDF file shows what the original article looks like include graphs and page numbers, but HTML files are scripts, its output might not look exactly like the original.

To read a PDF, you need applications like Adobe Acrobat Reader, Preview(Mac app), or any other PDF apps, but HTML doesn't need additional apps.

PDF files embed images within the file itself, but HTML doesn't.

HTML files usually depend on the system for fonts, but PDF ensures the accuracy of the output. 

HTML is the language of the Web, PDF retains the exact appearance of a document, no matter what OS is used to view or print it.

PDF files are single binary files, but in HTML format, the document and figures are separate files. 

PDF renders math symbols seamlessly, but HTML does not support math symbols.

In What Instances Would A PDF File Be Preferable? 

PDF is good when the file is destined for printing, particularly when there are images that should be rendered at high resolution on the printed page.

PDF is a great choice for taking fancy and beautiful newsletters. When math and special symbols are necessary, PDF format is also very useful.

In What Instances Would HTML Be A Preferred Format?

In some cases, HTML is generally much better for providing information via the web such as when your audiences are limited with PDF because it doesn't work on all platforms.

Images in PDF are embedded, so they aren't easy to pull out as a .jpg or .gif for reuse if your receivers need to do this.

PDF files are usually larger than the HTML version, so HTML is good for limited storage.

Reference

Q. What is the difference between a PDF file and an HTML file? (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2020, from https://answers.library.gsu.edu/faq/78984

Business Net Types

Business Web Integrator

The web integrators often coordinating all of the necessary activities such as marketing and communications, and new fields where the Internet is used. Web integration involves a process of connecting the outputs of all activities and components essential and has the capacity to help with reconciling processes that go beyond the boundaries of the internal systems and that move from the outer to the inner environments.

For example, Snowflake Inc. is a cloud-based data warehousing company founded in 2012 and becoming the largest software IPO on September 16, 2020, at a price of US$120 per share, which more than doubled its value. Snowflake Inc. provides cloud-based data storage and analysis services, allows enterprise users to use cloud-based hardware and software to store and analyze data. Snowflake has been running on Amazon S3 since 2014, Microsoft Azure since 2018, and Google Cloud Platform since 2019. Its Snowflake Data Exchange allows customers to discover, exchange, and securely share data.

Business Web distributor

A business web distributor provides inventory services for various manufacturers that will be sold to various retailers. Business web distributors often charge some fees for their services since products are sold via a distributor instead of directly from the manufacturer. To protect their business and their partners, distributors often have a signed agreement with a manufacturer. 

For example, FedEx is an international express delivery company that provides logistics services such as express delivery and cargo delivery. It is one of the largest express delivery companies in the world. FedEx provides convenient and reliable express delivery services in more than 220 countries and regions around the world, and use their transportation networks to speed up the delivery.

The Differences between FedEx and Snowflake 

Overall, they all provide great services that benefit their clients, optimize the economy and our daily life. FedEx focuses on the exchange of goods and delivery, offers a wide range of heavy shipment services from speedy priority to cost-effective economy services, and provide shipment deliveries with door to door, custom cleared service plus end-to-end tracking.

Snowflake, on the other hand, is to establish an optimized value creation chain. Many users choose Snowflake to easily and efficiently unlock the true value of their data with our cloud data platform, and the Data Cloud. With Snowflake’s unique and forward-thinking data warehouse solution, many large enterprises are equipped to deliver even better user experiences for customers.

In short, both these two companies are a supporter that get their client's back. But they provide different services and play different roles during the operation of e-commerce.

Organizational Gains Made Possible by E-Commerce

Profitability

More and more people are using the internet to buy goods and services nowadays, made eCommerce is among the most profitable businesses you can start a business in. So, how e-commerce can help our business grow? Here are the reasons. 

The features of an e-commerce platform can help our business grow in profits and credibility. Platform providers like Snowflake can help you analyze demographic data through web contacts and social media. So, you can correct some mistakes when you are not attracting the right customers and better understand them. Furthermore, many e-commerce sites have built-in marketing systems to help you reach prospective and established customers, so you can ramp up sales when your marketing is more personalized.

One joy with e-commerce is it operates 24/7. Your customers might be shopping in Taiwan while your buyers in the US might be sleeping. With e-commerce, your online customer service can work around the clock.

Increased market share

The global e-commerce market size is expected to grow due to the increasing penetration of the internet and the smartphone using population across the world. Hence, technological awareness among customers is expected to have a positive impact on market growth. Moreover, the connectivity of 4G and 5G technology, have led to faster browsing and help companies to sell and analyze faster.

Improving service

Rather than spend hours trying on the right product, you can help your buyers find the right product with customized search tools with e-commerce platforms. Recall the services provided by FedEx, your customers can now track their goods even during the delivery process, so they don't have to think about where is my package and when does it will be delivered.

Faster delivery of products

With more and more improved transportation networks, e-commerce giant like Amazon, can now launch its Amazon Prime services and make deliveries even within 24 hours. So, your customers don't have to wait for days to get the goods they already paid for. 

Reference

Commerce Market Share, Growth & Trends Report, 2020-2027. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2020, from https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/e-commerce-market

Lundegaard - e-business solutions provider, W. (2014, October 21). What is a web integrator. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from http://www.web-integration.info/en/blog/what-is-a-web-integrator/

Kutz, M. (2016). Introduction to Electronic Commerce: Combining Business and Information Technology. Bookboon.com.

What is a Distributor? (2018, May 29). Retrieved November 15, 2020, from https://ecommerce-platforms.com/glossary/distributor

The Web 2.0

The Web 2.0

Introduction

Web 2.0 is not a technical standard. Instead, it is only a term used to describe technological changes from Web 1.0. Most web 1.0 pages are static without HTML. Web 2.0 is a new use of the Internet that promotes information exchange and collaboration between people, and it is more user-centric. For example, blogs like Blogger.com, Twitter, Instagram, or even Youtube, and social networks like Facebook. 

Blogs

"A blog is an online journal or informational website displaying information in reverse chronological order, with the latest posts appearing first, at the top. It is a platform where a writer or a group of writers share their views on an individual subject."(Skrba, 2020)

Blogger.com (https://www.blogger.com/about/?bpli=1) is an online journal platform where writers share their content and I have created and manage my own blog with Blogger(https://thisisoriginalbruce.blogspot.com) for almost two years. I always try to do better because the more frequent and better your blog posts are, the higher the chances for your website to get discovered and visited by your target audience. However, It seems like I have to work harder.

A blog is one of the most effective free methods to drive more traffic to an e-commerce website and increase the amount of content your website contains. As you share your new blog posts on your social media profiles, you will create more backlinks, and those links and traffic mean more awareness.

Twitter(https://twitter.com/?lang=en) is also one type of blog, a micro one. Although it does not show the whole articles or stories, it is immediate and close to users' interests.

With tons of posts sent each day, it can be easy for your brand’s posts and marketing to get lost in the noise. That’s where Twitter ads come in. Twitter advertising is an opportunity for firms to promote their products and reach new customers who might be interested in what their brand offers. For example, promoted Tweets are paying to display the content to people who are not already following that advertiser on Twitter.

Social Network Services 

A social networking service is an online vehicle or channel for creating relationships with other people who share their interests, or relationships. Users can create a profile with personal information and form connections with other profiles.

LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com) is an American business and employment-oriented online service that operates via websites and mobile apps. Users build personal brands, advertising, and seeking jobs on it. LinkedIn allows users to create profiles for employees, describe their work experiences, educations, and skills. Employers can list jobs and search for potential candidates who meet their needs. Users can find jobs and even business opportunities on LinkedIn. It appeals primarily to business professionals, does not have as many consumer users as Facebook. 

As a social media channel, LinkedIn provides more opportunities for e-commerce merchants and small business owners than just hiring. For example, users can benefit from building a network of industry-related colleagues. 

Facebook (https://www.facebook.com) is a popular social networking website, a space to connect with your friends and give access to your friends' profiles. Communication is made possible on Facebook through a message service that allows users to send and receive messages, so users can chat in real-time through a chat utility.

Facebook Ads is the name of the ads platform from Facebook. When you scroll down through your timeline, in between the posts from your friends and pages you will see ads in the form of sponsored posts from different brands. The news section is one of the possible locations for ads.

 

Reference

Kenton, W. (2020, September 12). Social Networking Service-SNS. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/social-networking-service-sns.asp

Kutz, M. (2016). Introduction to Electronic Commerce: Combining Business and Information Technology. Bookboon.com

Skrba, W. (2020, November 10). What is a Blog? - Explanation of Terms Blog, Blogging & Blogger (2020). Retrieved November 13, 2020, from https://firstsiteguide.com/what-is-blog/